Silent hypoxia: Scientists crack the mystery behind this life-threatening complication of COVID-19

Scientists solve the mystery of ‘silent hypoxia’, one of the biggest and most life-threatening complications of COVID-19.

By: Jahnavi Sarma | | Published: November 21, 2020 9:55 pm

Hypoxia's ability to quietly inflict damage is why it's been coined "silent."

With the COvID-19 pandemic continuing unabated across the world, scientists are having a tough time trying to solve the many puzzling aspects of how the virus causing the deadly disease attacks the lungs and other parts of the body. One of the biggest and most life-threatening mysteries that emerged is how the virus causes “silent hypoxia,” a condition when oxygen levels in the body are abnormally low. This causes irreparably damage to vital organs over time. But now, thanks to computer models and comparisons with real patient data, Boston University biomedical engineers and collaborators from the University of Vermont have begun to crack the mystery. Also Read - Akshay Kumar, Piyush Mishra, Sonam Kapoor and more Bollywood celebs who opened up on facing sexual abuse in childhood

A dangerous condition that creeps up silently

Despite experiencing dangerously low levels of oxygen, many people infected with severe cases of COVID-19 sometimes show no symptoms of shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. Hypoxia’s ability to quietly inflict damage is why it’s been coined “silent.” In coronavirus patients, it’s thought that the infection first damages the lungs, rendering parts of them incapable of functioning properly. Those tissues lose oxygen and stop working, no longer infusing the blood stream with oxygen, causing silent hypoxia. But exactly how that domino effect occurs has not been clear until now. Also Read - Test Article 2 Covid 19 3rd wave

Absence of symptoms make diagnosis difficult

Initially researchers were not sure how this happens. Some coronavirus patients have experienced what some experts have described as levels of blood oxygen that are “incompatible with life.” Disturbingly, many of these patients showed little to no signs of abnormalities when they underwent lung scans. To help get to the bottom of what causes silent hypoxia, BU biomedical engineers used computer modeling to test out three different scenarios that help explain how and why the lungs stop providing oxygen to the bloodstream. Their research, which has been published in Nature Communications, reveals that silent hypoxia is likely caused by a combination of biological mechanisms that may occur simultaneously in the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Also Read - COVID-19 Live Updates: Cases in India surge to 10,757,610 while death toll reaches 1,54,392 12d

Blood vessels constrict in areas of lungs without oxygen

Normally, the lungs perform the life-sustaining duty of gas exchange, providing oxygen to every cell in the body as we breathe in and ridding us of carbon dioxide each time we exhale. Healthy lungs keep the blood oxygenated at a level between 95 and 100 per cent — if it dips below 92 per cent, it’s a cause for concern and a doctor might decide to intervene with supplemental oxygen. The researchers first looked at how COVID-19 impacts the lungs’ ability to regulate where blood is directed. Normally, if areas of the lung aren’t gathering much oxygen due to damage from infection, the blood vessels will constrict in those areas. This is actually a good thing that our lungs have evolved to do, because it forces blood to instead flow through lung tissue replete with oxygen, which is then circulated throughout the rest of the body.

COVID patients lose ability to restrict blood flow to damaged lung tissue

But preliminary clinical data have suggested that the lungs of some COVID-19 patients had lost the ability of restricting blood flow to already damaged tissue, and in contrast, were potentially opening up those blood vessels even more — something that is hard to see or measure on a CT scan.

Using a computational lung model, researchers tested this theory, revealing that for blood oxygen levels to drop to the levels observed in COVID-19 patients, blood flow would indeed have to be much higher than normal in areas of the lungs that can no longer gather oxygen — contributing to low levels of oxygen throughout the entire body.
Next, they looked at how blood clotting may impact blood flow in different regions of the lung. When the lining of blood vessels gets inflamed from COVID-19 infection, tiny blood clots too small to be seen on medical scans can form inside the lungs. They found, using computer modeling of the lungs, that this could incite silent hypoxia, but alone it is likely not enough to cause oxygen levels to drop as low as the levels seen in patient data.
Last, the researchers used their computer model to find out if COVID-19 interferes with the normal ratio of air-to-blood flow that the lungs need to function normally. This type of mismatched air-to-blood flow ratio is something that happens in many respiratory illnesses, such as with asthma patients, and it can be a possible contributor to the severe, silent hypoxia that has been observed in COVID-19 patients. Their models suggest that for this to be a cause of silent hypoxia, the mismatch must be happening in parts of the lung that don’t appear injured or abnormal on lung scans.

In conclusion

The findings suggest that a combination of all three factors are likely to be responsible for the severe cases of low oxygen in some COVID-19 patients. By having a better understanding of these underlying mechanisms, and how the combinations could vary from patient to patient, clinicians can make more informed choices about treating patients using measures like ventilation and supplemental oxygen. A number of interventions are currently being studied, including a low-tech intervention called prone positioning that flips patients over onto their stomachs, allowing for the back part of the lungs to pull in more oxygen and evening out the mismatched air-to-blood ratio. Since, different people respond to this virus so differently, it’s critical to understand all the possible reasons why a patient’s blood oxygen might be low, so that a proper form of treatment, including medications that could help constrict blood vessels, bust blood clots, or correct a mismatched air-to-blood flow ratio, can be decided on.

(With inputs from Agencies)

Published : November 21, 2020 9:55 pm

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